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  1. In Java, access modifiers define the visibility and accessibility of classes, interfaces, methods, and variables. They are crucial for encapsulation and controlling how different parts of a program interact.

    Java provides four main access modifiers:

    1. private

    • Accessible only within the same class.

    • Not applicable to top-level classes or interfaces.

    • Commonly used to hide internal details and enforce encapsulation.

    class Person {
    private String name;
    public void setName(String name) { this.name = name; }
    public String getName() { return name; }
    }
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    2. Default (Package-Private)

    • No keyword is used.

    • Accessible only within the same package.

    • Often used for package-level utilities.

    class Car {
    String model; // default access
    }
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    3. protected

    • Accessible within the same package and in subclasses (even if in different packages).

    • Useful in inheritance-based designs.

    class Vehicle {
    protected int speed;
    }
    class Bike extends Vehicle {
    void setSpeed(int s) { speed = s; }
    }
    Cóipeáilte!

    4. public

    • Accessible from anywhere in the program.

    • Used for APIs, service classes, and widely shared utilities.

  1. java - What is the difference between access specifiers and …

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