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    Arithmetic coding is a form of entropy encoding used in lossless data compression. Below is a Python implementation for compressing an image using arithmetic coding.

    Example

    import numpy as np
    from PIL import Image

    class ArithmeticCoding:
    def __init__(self, image_path):
    self.image = Image.open(image_path).convert('L')
    self.width, self.height = self.image.size
    self.pixels = np.array(self.image).flatten()
    self.probabilities = self.calculate_probabilities()

    def calculate_probabilities(self):
    values, counts = np.unique(self.pixels, return_counts=True)
    probabilities = counts / len(self.pixels)
    return dict(zip(values, probabilities))

    def encode(self):
    low, high = 0.0, 1.0
    for pixel in self.pixels:
    range_ = high - low
    high = low + range_ * sum(self.probabilities[val] for val in self.probabilities if val <= pixel)
    low = low + range_ * sum(self.probabilities[val] for val in self.probabilities if val < pixel)
    return (low + high) / 2

    def decode(self, encoded_value):
    decoded_pixels = []
    low, high = 0.0, 1.0
    for _ in range(len(self.pixels)):
    range_ = high - low
    value = next(val for val in self.probabilities if low + range_ * sum(self.probabilities[v] for v in self.probabilities if v <= val) > encoded_value)
    decoded_pixels.append(value)
    high = low + range_ * sum(self.probabilities[val] for val in self.probabilities if val <= value)
    low = low + range_ * sum(self.probabilities[val] for val in self.probabilities if val < value)
    return np.array(decoded_pixels).reshape((self.height, self.width))

    if __name__ == "__main__":
    ac = ArithmeticCoding("image.png")
    encoded_value = ac.encode()
    decoded_image_array = ac.decode(encoded_value)
    decoded_image = Image.fromarray(decoded_image_array.astype('uint8'))
    decoded_image.save("decoded_image.png")
    Gekopieerd.
    New Image Compression/Decomp…

    In this paper, the secret text is compressed twice by an Arithmetic coding algorithm, and the resul…

    ResearchGate
    How can arithmetic coding improve the DCT encoding method?
    To use arithmetic coding to improve on the DCT quanitzation method of encoding an image. We build a state model of the DC coefficients of the entire image. On each 8x8 block in the image, we perform DCT, quantization, and run length encoding on the resulting coefficients.
    github.com
    Github
    https://github.com › jasgreenspan › arithmetic-codingDit resultaat vertalen

    Image Compression with Arithmetic Coding - GitHub

  1. GeeksForGeeks
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  2. ResearchGate
    https://www.researchgate.net › publicationDit resultaat vertalen

    New Image Compression/Decompression Technique …

    16 okt. 2016 · In this paper, the secret text is compressed twice by an Arithmetic coding algorithm, and the resulting secret bits are hidden in the cover pixels of …

  3. Stack Overflow
    https://stackoverflow.com › questionsDit resultaat vertalen

    what is the best way to deal with a image for compression by …

    5 aug. 2020 · So, honestly, I doubt any text compression algorithms could beat already existing image compression formats. One thing which I think is wrong with your approach is reading the image using …

    Codevoorbeeld

    const fs = require("fs");
    let data = fs.readFileSync('Cat.png', 'binary');
    fs.writeFileSync('Cat_Copy.png', data, 'binary');
  4. Number Analytics
    https://www.numberanalytics.com › blog › arithmetic-coding-ultim…Dit resultaat vertalen

    Arithmetic Coding: The Ultimate Compression Technique

    12 jun. 2025 · Learn the ins and outs of arithmetic coding and how it can be used to achieve efficient data compression in various applications.

  5. MathWorks
    https://in.mathworks.com › ... › answersDit resultaat vertalen

    Arithmetic coding for image compression - MATLAB Answers

    25 jul. 2017 · Arithmetic coding for image compression. Learn more about arithmetic coding, digital image processing, image analysis

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    Arithmetic Coding Solved Example | Graphical Arithmetic Coding …

    27 mei 2025 · In this video you'll learn: ️ Basics of Arithmetic Coding ️ Step-by-step Encoding and Decoding of the word "dad" ️ Construction of sub-ranges based on symbol probabilities ️ Graphical...

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    The document describes a new technique for image compression and decompression using arithmetic coding. It divides images into 64x64 pixel …

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