Linear actuators and oscillating systems constitute a vibrant area of research that bridges concepts in electromagnetism, mechanics and control engineering.

The linear electric machine-based gravity energy storage system (LEM-GESS) uses linear machines to vertically move multiple solid masses, or pistons, to store and discharge electrical energy.

In a thermally linear system, superposition may be applied to predict the transient response of the system to step changes in input power. This article is the second in a two-part series.