In simple random sampling, each unit has an equal probability of selection, and sampling is without replacement. Without-replacement sampling means that a unit cannot be selected more than once.

Sampling is a process used in statistical analysis in which a group of observations are extracted from a larger population.

Example 62.2: Simple Random Cluster Sampling This example illustrates the use of regression analysis in a simple random cluster sampling design. The data are from S rndal, Swenson, and Wretman (1992, ...

The results obtained by the authors so far on controlled sampling with equal probabilities and without replacement have been consolidated in this paper in an integrated fashion. Utilizing these ...

The core finding is that even a minimalist implementation of sampling-based search, using random sampling and self-verification, can elevate the reasoning performance of models like Gemini 1.5 Pro ...