A random variable is a variable whose possible values are numerical outcomes of a random phenomenon. It is a fundamental concept in probability and statistics, used to quantify and analyze random ...

Fuzzy statistics and random variables represent a progressive fusion of traditional probability theory with the principles of fuzzy logic, enabling the treatment of imprecision and vagueness ...

In this chapter, we introduce the concept of a random variable and develop the procedures for characterizing random variables, including the cumulative distribution function, as well as the ...

In most real-life studies, auxiliary variables are available and are employed to explain and understand missing data patterns and to evaluate and control causal relations with variables of interest.

In this chapter, we first introduce the joint statistical behavior of multiple random variables, and then the focus turns toward the marginal and conditional cdfs, pdfs, and pmfs. In the context of a ...

The analyst is a random variable The variation across analysts shows that models for variability of parameter estimates should include not just sampling variation, or hidden sources of bias, but ...

"Random variables are functions with numerical outcomes that occur with some level of uncertainty. For example, rolling a 6-sided die could be considered a random variable with possible outcomes ...