In Seemingly Simple Circuits: The TL431 Voltage Regulator, Part 2, we looked at how voltage gain of the TL431 is measured. Now we plunge deeper in, to look at closed-loop output resistance, derive ...

We submerge somewhat deeper into analysis of the seemingly simple TL431 voltage reference with transconductance amplifier to find that some useful design parameters are missing from the manufacturer ...

In a fashion similar to using stacked Zeners for voltage regulation, this LED circuit cleverly combines voltage reference and voltage indication. Fig 1. This voltage regulator circuit (a) uses green ...