Instead of Circuit Theory, gain equations are extracted from a Signal Flow Graph (SFG) by Mason’s Gain Formula. Voltage Signal Analysis (VSA) creates a SFG from the Circuit Schematic.

Author’s note: This article shows how to derive circuit gain equations via a signal flow graph. With practice you may be able to write a gain equation by locating signal paths and loops in the ...

Also examined are two types of LPFs in the context of attenuated voltage-reference noise: simple passive RC LPFs and active-based signal - flow - graph (SFG) LPFs.