OPEN-SYSTEMS THEORY Traditional theories regarded organizations as closed systems that were autonomous and isolated from the outside world.

Open system theory refers to how an organizational structure affects the flow of information and interaction internally and with the external environment.

Andrew Mearman, Critical Realism in Economics and Open-Systems Ontology: A Critique, Review of Social Economy, Vol. 64, No. 1 (MARCH 2006), pp. 47-75 ...

Open family systems are frequently modeled as inherently functional or healthy; however, systematic research and theoretical consideration of potentially dysfunctional patterns is lacking. Using an ...