With open-loop therapies*, insulin administration is manually controlled, while hybrid closed-loop systems* automatically regulate insulin delivery.

A great example of a closed loop system is TfL’s Oyster card, which many customers still choose to use on its network despite the availability of an open loop alternative. Closed loop systems rely on ...

For those in the transit industry, it’s easy to get lost in the jargon. Terms like card-based, account-based, open-loop and ...

Open-loop systems lack support for more flexible fare structures unless layered with complex eligibility processes or closed-loop add-ons. Technology must be built with inclusivity in mind from ...

Once completed, the checklist can always be continuously improved upon based on lessons learned and other people’s input, so that reusing an open-loop system will be a cost-effective solution. For ...

Definition: Digital payment systems that mix elements of closed-loop and open-loop systems are known as semi-closed-loop wallets. Typically, a network of cooperating retailers offers them.