A square root is a mathematical term used to represent the non-negative number that, when multiplied by itself, equals a given number. Calculating square roots is essential in various areas such as ...

Abstract: The dynamic system, i.e., gradient dynamic system (GDS), is theoretically designed by defining a square-based nonnegative or at least lower-bounded error-monitoring function, which is termed ...

Abstract: Zhang dynamics (ZD) has been proved a powerful alternative for solving online time-varying problems. Such a dynamic system is elegantly designed by defining an indefinite error-monitoring ...