In the late 19th century, Karl Weierstrass invented a fractal-like function that was decried as nothing less than a “deplorable evil.” In time, it would transform the foundations of mathematics.

The original version of this story appeared in Quanta Magazine. Calculus is a powerful mathematical tool. But for hundreds of years after its invention in the 17th century, it stood on a shaky ...

Abstract: Many artificial intelligence problems are NP-complete ones. To decrease the needed time of such a problem solving a method of extraction of sub-formulas characterizing the common features of ...