One way to get a little more clarity on this is to look at the permissions with the stat command. The fourth line of stat’s output displays the file permissions both in octal and string format: $ stat ...

Linux, renowned for its robustness and security, is a powerful multi-user operating system that allows multiple people to interact with the same system resources without interfering with each other.

Ubuntu, like other Linux distributions, restricts access to files and system settings by default. Each user account has read and write access to its own files and read access to some system files.