Expensive optimization problem (EOP) refers to the problem that requires expensive or even unaffordable costs to evaluate candidate solutions, which widely exist in many significant real-world ...

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) represent a class of heuristic optimisation methods inspired by natural selection and Mendelian genetics. They iteratively evolve a population of candidate solutions ...

The most widely used technique for finding the largest or smallest values of a math function turns out to be a fundamentally difficult computational problem. Many aspects of modern applied research ...