A eukaryote is any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus. Eukaryotic cells form the foundation of complex, multicellular life, including apple trees, mushrooms, fish and humans.

Many organisms – ranging from single-cell protists to humans – rely on microscopic hair-like structures to perform a wide range of cell signaling and motility-related tasks. 1 Flagella, cilia and pili ...

According to the classical understanding of plant gas exchange, the uncontrolled loss of water from plant aerial organs is restricted by epidermis that is covered by a hydrophobic layer called cuticle ...

Using a new method to isolate and reprogram plant cells into other cell types, biologists explored how banding patterns that increase the stability of plant cell walls are created and how their ...

• The biosynthesis and modification of cell wall composition and structure are controlled by hundreds of enzymes and have a direct consequence on plant growth and development. However, the majority of ...

Cell lysis refers to the process of breaking down the cell membrane to release cellular contents, including proteins, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. Protein extraction is the subsequent step ...