And although Python dominates in research and prototyping, Java and Kotlin are strong choices for production AI systems, especially in large-scale enterprise environments.

While Python still gets top billing when it comes to developing for AI, Java proponents see the nearly 30-year-old Java programming language ready to take charge in the AI field.

Only twice in TIOBE Programming Index history has a language commanded such a high percentage of developers’ interest.

Python, the number one programming language in the TIOBE Programming Language Community Index in August, has further solidified its place at the top.