The two types of standard transistors are PNP and NPN which differs in circuit symbols. The layers of semiconductor material used to make the transistor are denoted by the letters. To keep a straight ...

This project is a basic flip-flop (astable multivibrator) circuit that alternately blinks two LEDs using two NPN transistors, capacitors, and resistors. The circuit uses capacitor charging/discharging ...

A transistor amplifier circuit is an electronic circuit that uses one or more transistors to amplify an input signal. The basic operation of a transistor amplifier circuit involves using a small input ...

Bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) are cornerstone components in the complex landscape of electronic circuits, conducting the operation of amplification and signal processing. A comprehensive grasp ...

A very simple but highly efficient combination lock circuit is shown in the figure. Any type of on/off switches can be used, varying from commercially available inexpensive types to more sophisticated ...

Photocouplers optically links, via transparent isolating material, a light emitter and a photodetector. Used as an interface between circuits with different ground potentials, photocouplers replace ...

[Dr. Cockroach]’s goal was to build a four-bit computer out of recycled and repurposed junk. The resulting computer, called IO, consists of a single 555, around 230 PNP and NPN transistors, 230 diodes ...

Thermocouples and their leads often have to detect open-circuit or short-circuit faults. However, it is very difficult to distinguish a valid millivolt temperature signal from an open/short-circuited ...