Abstract: Modular multiplication, addition, and subtraction being the core operation of Elliptic curve public (ECC) system, the decrease of area and the merging of structure have been a hot topic in ...

Montgomery algorithms represent a transformative advancement in the computation of modular arithmetic, specifically designed to bypass the costly division steps inherent in traditional methods. By ...

Abstract: This paper presents addition and multiplication in Galois field using multi-valued logic. Multi-valued logic (MVL) has matured to the point where four-valued logic is now part of ...