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Some ciphers have simple keys, others, complex ones. The key for a cipher used by Augustus Caesar, some 2,000 years ago, was simple enough: The receiver just had to shift the alphabet one position.

Editor’s note: The headline on this article, “Cxjlrp Zfmebop,” is a simple Caesar cipher in which every letter of the original headline is shifted three letters back in the alphabet.

Object Details Author Churchhouse, R. F Contents 1. Introduction -- 2. From Julius Caesar to simple substitution -- 3. Polyalphabetic systems -- 4. Jigsaw ciphers -- 5. Two-letter ciphers -- 6. Codes ...