A technical paper titled “Training neural networks with end-to-end optical backpropagation” was published by researchers at University of Oxford and Lumai Ltd. “Optics is an exciting route for the ...

(A) A traditional fully connected neural network. The layers are connected by black lines corresponding to weights. The neurons separately realize the summation and nonlinear activation functions ...

Obtaining the gradient of what's known as the loss function is an essential step to establish the backpropagation algorithm developed by University of Michigan researchers to train a material. The ...